A-Yokai-A-Day is over, and sadly you will have to wait 11 more months until fresh new yokai illustrations appear on this blog again. In the meantime, though, you can enjoy the A-Yokai-A-Day archives from past years (2012, 2011, 2010, 2009) as well as this year’s selection of yokai. Here is the grand list of all of the yokai posts from this year’s edition of A-Yokai-A-Day: Continue reading
Happy Halloween!
Today marks the final day in this year’s A-Yokai-A-Day, as well as the final day in The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits Kickstarter project. Starting tomorrow all of the Kickstarter updates will be private to backers only, so now is your last chance to get in, even at the $1 level! Just over an hour left to join! Don’t miss out!
Shiryō means “dead ghost” and stands in contrast to the ikiryō, or living ghost.
Shiryō can be considered synonymous with yūrei (“faint spirit”), as they are both words for the classic Japanese ghost. However while yūrei can be creepy some times and beautifully mysterious at other times, shiryō is only used to refer to scary, nasty ghosts. The inclusion of the kanji for “death” in the name is the clue that this ghost is not to be romanticised.
Shiryō can act in similar ways as ikiryō, appearing to relatives or close friends of the deceased. While ikiryō usually appear in the moments just before death, a shiryō appears in the moments just after death. When they appear, it is most often to give one last goodbye to their loved ones before departing… however, when a shiryō appears it is not always to say goodbye, but instead to take their loved ones with them into the world beyond…
Shiryō belief goes back into the mists of unrecorded history in Japanese folklore, and has long been a staple of folk superstition. One famous account is recorded in the Tōno Monogatari, a 1910 collection of folk beliefs which gave birth to the field of academic folklore research in Japan. In this story, there was a young girl who lived together with her father. After her father died, his shiryō appeared before the young girl and tried to take her with him into the world of the dead. The girl narrowly escaped and fled from the house to ask for help. Every night, various friends and distant family members agreed to stay overnight in the house with her and watch over her, and every night without fail, her father’s shiryō came looking for her, to try to take her away. Finally, after a month of sleepless, terrifying nights, the ghost stopped appearing, and the girl was left in peace.
Wow, the end of the month really just snuck up on me. I can’t believe it is October 30th today and I just have these last two yokai to do until A-Yokai-A-Day ends! Remember: tomorrow will be the last A-Yokai-A-Day of 2013, and also your last chance to join in the awesomest Kickstarter ever! Don’t miss out!
While there are many types of ghosts in Japanese folklore and urban legend, (not to mention demon ghosts and yokai ghosts and all of the yokai that are born from dead people) one that we have not yet looked at on this blog is the living ghost, or ikiryō (or ikiryou).
The ikiryō is pretty straightforward — it is an apparition of a currently living person which appears to someone. Essentially, the soul leaves the body to go and do something else. There are a number of ways ikiryō can appear out of the body: during a near-death-experience, fainting, intense passion or need to see someone, intense hatred, or even to deliver the same sort of grudge-curse that onryō deliver. That’s right, you don’t even have to be dead to become a Japanese ghost!
Ikiryō are a very ancient belief, and go back to some of the oldest superstitions found in Japan. They also make numerous appearances in literature through Japanese history. One very famous example comes from The Tale of Genji: Lady Rokujo’s living ghost haunts and curses a young woman named Aoi no Ue, who is pregnant with Genji’s child. (Part of that story will actually be told in The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits, so I won’t go into too much detail here.)
While the scary, nasty ikiryō born out of hatred or a desire to kill someone are the most common kind of ikiryō, there are also a number of stories about ikiryō which form out of burning love and desire for someone. If a person’s love is strong enough, her spirit (it is usually a woman…) can depart her body, even without her knowing it, and visit her lover. Such a thing happened to a young man from Kyoto in the 1700’s. A girl from his neighborhood fell in love with him, and her love was so strong that it formed an ikiryō. Her spirit haunted him so aggressively, whispering her love in his ear, and violent grabbing him and moving him around that he ended up falling ill and became bedridden with sickness.
Ikiryō can also leave from the body during sleep for no apparent reason. A story from the 1600’s tells about a young women whose spirit left her body every night while she slept, without her knowledge. It would roam the streets and scare young men, who thought it was a monster and attacked it. Every morning the woman woke up terrified, having dreamed of being chased by men all night long.
Another very common type of ikiryō is one that appears at the moment just before dying. According to old folk beliefs, just before death, the soul leaves the body and walks around, making noises and doing things outside of the body. This is especially common during wartime, and often the ikiryō of soldiers even in far off lands are said to appear to their friends and loved ones moments before or after their death, in their war uniforms, to give one last goodbye. In olden times, it was said that the souls of the soon-to-die and recently-deceased could be seen visiting nearby temples and praying for the few days surrounding their deaths.
During the Edo period, ikiryō were considered a symptom of certain illnesses, such as the aptly-named rikonbyō, or “detached soul syndrome,” and kage no yamai, or “shadow illness.” These horrifyingly-named diseases were Edo period names for sleepwalking and out-of-body experiences. When the ikiryō left the body, it could sometimes take the person’s consciousness along with it, causing them to experience life from the ikiryō as if they were actually doing it, including meeting their own self (sort of like a Japanese doppelganger).
Finally, one could even purposefully summon his or her own ikiryō by performing a curse-ritual. One is known as ushi no koku mairi. I mentioned this curse briefly in the Hashihime entry, and it will also get its own entry in the book, but the basic idea is that by performing this ritual, you could transform yourself into an oni and send your soul off to do some evil — usually kill someone. Another curse, called ichijama, is from Okinawa, and follows roughly the same idea. What makes these ikiryō interesting is that while most ikiryō are spirits that wander about and do things while their owners are unconscious and unaware of what they are doing, these spirits are fully conscious, intentional uses of an ikiryō, making them more than just a little terrifying…
We are now counting down the hours instead of the days… just 48 hours left to become a backer of the best English-language yokai resource there is! Remember — even a $1 pledge gets you access to all of the updates and the making of the book. Once A-Yokai-A-Day ends, the Kickstarter backers will be the only ones getting the inside story on the rest of the yokai in this book!
The suiko (“water tiger”) is found in both China and Japan, and is often confused with the kappa, another yokai which it closely resembles. However, the suiko is a different beast altogether and must not be confused with the kappa! Suiko are far more dangerous, violent, and hot-tempered than their meeker cousins.
Suiko are said to have the body of a small child, covered in extremely tough scales like a pangolin’s, and sharp hook-like protrusions on their kneecaps which resemble a tiger’s claws. They live near riverbanks and in large bodies of water. Like kappa, they enjoy using their superior strength to pull humans into water and drown them, although unlike kappa they have no concern for the shirikodama… (if you don’t know what the shirikodama is, you should read the kappa entry on yokai.com or this blog!). Instead, suiko drain their victims of blood, like vampires, and then eat their souls (reikon) and return the dead, drained body to the surface.
Suiko rank above kappa in the hierarchy of water goblins, and as such are sometimes placed in charge of them, acting like oyabun, or yakuza bosses, with one suiko placed in charge of 48 kappa. In turn, suiko report to the dragon king, who lives in a palace at the bottom of the sea and reigns over all sea creatures. It is said that the reason suiko kill humans is to increase their prestige and their standing with the dragon king. (Likewise it is said that when kappa attack humans, it is to make them look better and increase their standing with their boss suiko.)
Suiko who live in very large bodies of water like Lake Biwa and Chikugo River are said to sneak out of the water at night to play pranks, knocking on doors and running away, or possessing humans and making them do things.
To keep a suiko at bay, you can lean a sickle against the side of your house, and sprinkle flax seeds or black-eyed peas on the ground outside of your house. For some reason, suiko feel afraid of these and will keep away.
There is one known method to kill a suiko, and it is not pretty. It involves the corpse of a person who has had their blood drained by a suiko. First, you build a small hut out of grass and straw in a field. Then, instead of burying the body, you put it on a wooden plank and place it in the hut. The suiko who sucked that person’s blood will be drawn to the hut, where it will start running around and around in circles — however, suiko have to ability to become invisible, so it is likely you will only hear it rather than see it. Then, as the body gradually decays, so will the suiko. By the time the body has rotted to completion, the suiko will have died, and its magic will have failed, and the decayed corpse of the suiko will become visible on the ground near the body.
Only 3 short days left for The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits on Kickstarter! Don’t miss out on your chance to get a collector’s edition hardcover, original paintings and prints, and have your name immortalized as a backer in the credits of the book! We just passed the 600% mark, which means our final stretch goal is unlocked: the hardcover slipcase for your collector’s editions! More details over at the Kickstarter…
Sansei literally means “mountain sprite,” unspritely as this yokai is. It originally comes from China, where it is known as sanki, or “mountain demon” — though it is not quite demonic either, having no horns.
Sansei has a single foot (like some other mountain spirits we have looked at), but his foot is turned backwards. He lives deep in the mountains and occasionally pays visits to woodcutters’ cottages and steals their salt. Why? To put on crabs, of course! Sansei’s favorite food is stone crab, which he likes to broil and sprinkle with salt to eat. Sansei is sometimes referred to as the leader of all of the animals of the mountains.
Though not very aggressive, they do sometimes attack humans. When this happens, if one calls out, “Hiderigami!” the sansei will flee in terror. However, if one calls out, “Sansei!” instead, that person will meet some horrible fate, such as falling ill or having their house catch on fire.
Nothing else is written about this yokai… but if you notice that your salt has gone missing, check your trash bin for crab shells!
Only 4 days left for The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits on Kickstarter! Don’t miss out on your chance to get a collector’s edition hardcover, original paintings and prints, and have your name immortalized as a backer in the credits of the book!
Today’s yokai originally comes from ancient Chinese myth, but like many mythical Japanese beasts has changed quite a bit from its Chinese form. Its name means “drought spirit” or “drought god,” and can be written a few different ways, as you can see above. The kanji used for hiderigami is normally read batsu, which is the name of the Chinese beast it derived from; however, the reading hiderigami has been slapped on to that character in what is known as an ateji (free Japanese grammar lesson of the day!). It also goes by the name kanbo (旱母), which means “drought mother.”
According to the Wakan Sansai Zue (an 18th century encyclopedia) and Toriyama Sekien, a hiderigami looks like a hairy humanoid, stands between 2 and 3 feet tall, has a single eye on the top of its head, only one arm and one leg, and runs as fast as the wind. (How he does this with only one leg I have no idea…) Additionally, wherever a hidergami goes, rain will not fall — which is how it gets its name.
The original Chinese version of this beast was a god (or rather goddess, as they were all female) of drought. Not surprisingly, it was a god to be feared, as the devastation of a severe drought could be widespread and last a very long time. Despite the incredible threat to humanity that they pose, it is said that if you throw a hiderigami into a toilet, it will die…
I find it interesting that another yokai which came from ancient China, ame-onna, was also once a powerful goddess that sort of devolved into a yokai when it was brought to Japan…
Today’s presentation at Camden County Library went well and was really fun! I’ll have video up soon so the rest of you can see. Thanks so much to everyone who could make it. I really enjoyed meeting you all!
Today’s yokai is another funny and cute little creature. It resembles a Japanese magonote, or backscratcher. I really love that word — magonote. In Japanese, it means “grandchild’s hand.” Of course, one of a little kid’s common chores is to scratch his granparents’ back, so the idea that a portable backscratcher is called a granchild’s hand just cracks me up…
Nyoijizai (如意自在, にょいじざい)
Nyoijizai first appears in a Hyakki Yagyō Emaki (a genre of picture scrolls depicting the night parade of one hundred demons, i.e. a lot of yokai!) from the Muromachi period (1337-1573), though it is just an unnamed character in those early scrolls. It was finally given a back story and a name by Toriyama Sekien, in his Gazu Hyakki Tsuruzure Bukuro (Illustrated Bag of One Hundred Random Demons, published 1781).
Sekien decided that this yokai looked like a priest’s staff, called a nyoi, and dubbed it a tsukumogami of a holy staff. However, its resemblance to a magonote was not lost on the clever artist, and he made its name a play on words. While nyoi means a priest’s staff, it can also mean “as you wish,” and jizai means “freely.” While it evokes a willful priest’s staff, its name also literally means, “exactly as you please.” Sekien must have had a chronic itchy back, because his description this yokai talks about that place in the center of your back that you just can’t scratch no matter how hard you try. According to him, this yokai solves that problem for you by allowing you to freely scratch any place as you wish, exactly as you please. What an amazingly useful yokai!
Sekien really loves his double meanings… but those claws! I’m not sure I would want one of these scratching my back…
Only five days remain for The Hour of Meeting Evil Spirits on Kickstarter! Don’t miss out on your chance to get a collector’s edition hardcover, original paintings and prints, and have your name immortalized as a backer in the credits of the book!